Command- line interface - Wikipedia. A command- line user interface (CLI), also known as a console user interface. How to Recover Deleted Files Through Command Prompt. 11:27 AM 4/10/2015. In Windows operating system such as Windows 10, Windows 8.1, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows. The Command Prompt in Windows provides access to over 280 commands! These commands are used to do certain operating system tasks from a command line interface. A program which handles the interface is called a command language interpreter or shell. The CLI was the primary means of interaction with most computer systems until the introduction of the video display terminal in the mid- 1. Open. VMS, Unix systems and personal computer systems including MS- DOS, CP/M and Apple DOS. The interface is usually implemented with a command line shell, which is a program that accepts commands as text input and converts commands into appropriate operating system functions. Command- line interfaces to computer operating systems are less widely used by casual computer users, who favor graphical user interfaces or menu- driven interaction. Alternatives to the command line include, but are not limited to text user interfacemenus (see IBM AIX SMIT for example), keyboard shortcuts, and various other desktop metaphors centered on the pointer (usually controlled with a mouse). Examples of this include the Windows versions 1, 2, 3, 3. OS shell that runs in DOS), Dos. Shell, and Mouse Systems Power. Panel. Command- line interfaces are often preferred by more advanced computer users, as they often provide a more concise and powerful means to control a program or operating system. Programs with command- line interfaces are generally easier to automate via scripting. Command line interfaces for software other than operating systems include a number of programming languages such as Tcl/Tk, PHP and others, as well as utilities such as the compression utilities Win. Zip and Ultimate. Zip, and some FTP and ssh/telnet clients. Advantages. Under most operating systems, it is possible to replace the default shell program with alternatives; examples include 4. DOS for DOS, 4. OS2 for OS/2, and 4. NT or Take Command for Windows. Although the term 'shell' is often used to describe a command- line interpreter, strictly speaking a 'shell' can be any program that constitutes the user- interface, including fully graphically oriented ones. Pls, how to open software/files which is already burned as image format, by using cmd, for instance (Ashampo Burning Studio has. For example, the default Windows GUI is a shell program named EXPLORER. EXE, as defined in the SHELL=EXPLORER. EXE line in the WIN. INI configuration file. These programs are shells, but not CLIs. Application command- line interfaces. When a program is launched from an OS command line shell, additional text provided along with the program name is passed to the launched program. Interactive command line sessions: After launch, a program may provide an operator with an independent means to enter commands in the form of text. OS inter- process communication: Most operating systems support means of inter- process communication (for example; standard streams or named pipes). Command lines from client processes may be redirected to a CLI program by one of these methods. CLI software. Some examples of CLI- only applications are: Hybrid software. In some cases, a GUI is simply a wrapper around a separate CLI executable file. In other cases, a program may provide a CLI as an optional alternative to its GUI. CLIs and GUIs often support different functionality. For example, all features of MATLAB, a numerical analysis computer program, are available via the CLI, whereas the MATLAB GUI exposes only a subset of features. Command Prompt For Vista Format DiskThe early Sierra games, like the first three King's Quest games (1. History. Early computer systems often used teleprinter machines as the means of interaction with a human operator. The computer became one end of the human- to- human teleprinter model. So instead of a human communicating with another human over a teleprinter, a human communicated with a computer. In time, the actual mechanical teleprinter was replaced by a . These were typically used to interface an organization's new PC's with their existing mini- or mainframe computers, or to connect PC to PC. Some of these PCs were running Bulletin Board System software. Early operating system CLIs were implemented as part of resident monitor programs, and could not easily be replaced. The concept of implementing the shell as a replaceable component is usually attributed to Multics. Throughout the 1. Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows—command line interfaces were replaced in popular usage by the Graphical User Interface. The command line remains in use, however, by system administrators and other advanced users for system administration, computer programming, and batch processing. In November 2. 00. How to Open the Command Prompt in Windows. The quickest way to open the Command Prompt in any version of Windows is to press and type. Running this command will. This method will work for Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows Vista. Table of Contents. Introduction; Using the Command Prompt or Dos Window; Useful commands; Redirectors; Batch Files; Console Programs; Conclusion; Introduction. I frequently find myself with a folder open in Windows, wishing to have a command prompt open with the same working directory. I am aware of Power Toys "Command. Earlier today I had to boot a client computer into safe mode and delete a virus via the command prompt because whenever Windows would load, the file would become. Microsoft released version 1. Windows Power. Shell (formerly codenamed Monad), which combined features of traditional Unix shells with their proprietary object- oriented . NET Framework. Min. GW and Cygwin are open- source packages for Windows that offer a Unix- like CLI. Command Prompt For Vista Format Nasä±lMicrosoft provides MKS Inc.'s ksh implementation MKS Korn shell for Windows through their Services for UNIX add- on. Since 2. 00. 1, the Macintosh operating system is based on a variation of Unix called Darwin. On these computers, users can access a Unix- like command- line interface called Terminal found in the Applications Utilities folder. This terminal uses bash by default. This is typically the case with operating system command shells. CLIs are also used by systems with insufficient resources to support a graphical user interface. Some computer language systems (such as Python, Forth, LISP, Rexx, and many dialects of BASIC) provide an interactive command- line mode to allow for rapid evaluation of code. CLIs are often used by programmers and system administrators, in engineering and scientific environments, and by technically advanced personal computer users. CLIs are also popular among people with visual disability, since the commands and responses can be displayed using Refreshable Braille displays. Anatomy of a shell CLI. Commands are usually one of three classes. Internal — recognized and processed by the command line interpreter itself and not dependent upon any external executable file. Included — A separate executable file generally considered part of the operating environment and always included with the OS. External — External executable files not part of the basic OS, but added by other parties for specific purposes and applications. N — Optional parameters provided by the client. The format and meaning of the parameters depends upon the command issued. In the case of Included or External commands, the values of the parameters are delivered to the program (specified by the Command) as it is launched by the OS. Parameters may be either Arguments or Options. In this example, the delimiters between command line elements are whitespace characters and the end- of- line delimiter is the newline delimiter. This is a widely used (but not universal) convention for command- line interfaces. A CLI can generally be considered as consisting of syntax and semantics. The syntax is the grammar that all commands must follow. In the case of operating systems (OS), MS- DOS and Unix each define their own set of rules that all commands must follow. In the case of embedded systems, each vendor, such as Nortel, Juniper Networks or Cisco Systems, defines their own proprietary set of rules that all commands within their CLI conform to. These rules also dictate how a user navigates through the system of commands. The semantics define what sort of operations are possible, on what sort of data these operations can be performed, and how the grammar represents these operations and data—the symbolic meaning in the syntax. Two different CLIs may agree on either syntax or semantics, but it is only when they agree on both that they can be considered sufficiently similar to allow users to use both CLIs without needing to learn anything, as well as to enable re- use of scripts. A simple CLI will display a prompt, accept a . Advanced CLIs will validate, interpret and parameter- expand the command line before executing the specified command, and optionally capture or redirect its output. Unlike a button or menu item in a GUI, a command line is typically self- documenting, stating exactly what the user wants done. In addition, command lines usually include many defaults that can be changed to customize the results. Useful command lines can be saved by assigning a character string or alias to represent the full command, or several commands can be grouped to perform a more complex sequence – for instance, compile the program, install it, and run it — creating a single entity, called a command procedure or script which itself can be treated as a command. These advantages mean that a user must figure out a complex command or series of commands only once, because they can be saved, to be used again. The commands given to a CLI shell are often in one of the following forms: do. Something how to. Filesdo. Something how source. File destination. Filedo. Something how < input. File > output. Filedo. Something how . The > in the third example is a redirection operator, telling the command- line interpreter to send the output of the command not to its own standard output (the screen) but to the named file. This will overwrite the file. Using > > will redirect the output and append it to the file. Another redirection operator is the vertical bar (. Under Unix, commands also need be marked as executable files. The directories in the path variable are searched in the order they are given. By re- ordering the path, one can run e. Renaming of the executables also works: people often rename their favourite editor to EDIT, for example. The command line allows one to restrict available commands, such as access to advanced internal commands. The Windows CMD. EXE does this. Often, shareware programs will limit the range of commands, including printing a command 'your administrator has disabled running batch files' from the prompt. Some CLIs, such as those in network routers, have a hierarchy of modes, with a different set of commands supported in each mode. The set of commands are grouped by association with security, system, interface, etc. Introduction to the Windows Command Prompt. Table of Contents. Introduction. Using the Command Prompt or Dos Window. Useful commands. Redirectors. Batch Files. Console Programs. Conclusion. Introduction. Before Windows was created, the most common operating system that ran on IBM PC compatibles was DOS. DOS stands for Disk Operating System and was what you would use if you had started your computer much like you do today with Windows. The difference was that DOS was not a graphical operating system but rather purely textual. That meant in order to run programs or manipulate the operating system you had to manually type in commands. When Windows was first created it was actually a graphical user interface that was created in order to make using the DOS operating system easier for a novice user. As time went on and newer versions of Windows were developed DOS was finally phased out with Windows ME. Though the newer operating systems do not run on DOS, they do have something called the command prompt, which has a similar appearance to DOS. In this tutorial we will cover the basic commands and usage of the command prompt so that you feel comfortable in using this resource. Using the Command Prompt or Dos Window. When people refer to the command prompt they may we refer to it in different ways. They may refer to it as a shell, console window, a command prompt, a cmd prompt, or even dos. In order to enter the command prompt you need to run a program that is dependent on your operating system. Below we list the programs that you need to run to enter a command prompt based on the version of Windows you are running. What we call the command prompt. Only use if you must. For example if we are using Windows XP we would type cmd. Windows Command Prompt. The command prompt is simply a window that by default displays the current directory, or in windows term a folder, that you are in and has a blinking cursor ready for you to type your commands. For example in Figure 1 above you can see that it says C: \WINDOWS>. The C: \WINDOWS> is the prompt and it tells me that I am currently in the c: \windows directory. If I was in the directory c: \program files\directory the prompt would instead look like this: C: \PROGRAM FILES\DIRECTORY>. In the next section we will discuss some useful commands and how to see all available built in commands for the command prompt. Useful commands. The command. Below I have outlined some of the more important commands and further instruction on how to find information on all the available commands. If you would like further information about a particular command you can type help commandname. For example help cd will give you more detailed information on a command. For all commands you can also type the command name followed by a /? For example, cd /? Simply type exit and press enter and the command prompt will close. To use the CD command you would type cd directoryname and press enter. This would then change the directory you are currently in to the one specified. When using the cd command you must remember how paths work in Windows. A path to a file is always the root directory, which is symbolized by the \ symbol, followed by the directories underneath it. For example the file notepad. If you want to change to a directory that is currently in your current directory you do not need the full path, but can just type cd directoryname and press enter. For example if you are in a directory called c: \test, and there were three directories in that the test directory called A, B, and C, you could just type cd a and press enter. You would then be in the c: \test\a. If on the other hand you wanted to change your directory to the c: \windows\system. To use the command you would just type dir and press enter and you will see a listing of the current files in the directory you are in, including information about their file sizes, date and time they were last written to. The command will also show how much space the files in the directory are using and the total amount of free disk space available on the current hard drive. If I typed dir \test I would see the contents of the c: \test directory as shown in Figure 2 below. Figure 2. DIR of c: \test. If you examine the screen above you will see a listing of the directory. The first 2 columns are the date and time of the last write to that file. Followed by whether or not the particular entry is a directory or a file, then the size of the file, and finally the name of the file. You may have noticed that there are two directories named . In the example above, . With this in mind, typing dir *. To use this command you would typecopy filetocopy copiedfile. For example if you have the file c: \test\test. If the copy is successful it will tell you so and give you back the prompt. If you are copying within the same directory you do not have to use the path. Here are some examples and what they would do: copy test. Copies the test. txt file to a new file called test. Copies the test. txt file to the \windows directory. Copies all the files in the current directory to the \windows directory. Examples are below: move test. Moves the test. txt file to a new file renaming it to test. Moves the test. txt file to the \windows directory. Moves all the files in the current directory to the \windows directory. Redirectors are used by appending them to the end of a command followed by what you are redirecting to. For example: dir > dir. There are four redirectors that are used in a command prompt and they are discussed below: >. This redirector will take the output of a program and store it in a file. If the file exists, it will be overwritten. If it does not exist it will create a new file. For example the command dir > dir. If dir. txt exists, it will overwrite it, otherwise it will create it.> >. This redirector will take the output of a program and store it in a file. If the file exists, the data will be appended to the current data in the file rather than overwriting it. If it does not exist it will create a new file. For example the command dir > > dir. If dir. txt does not exist, it will create the file first.<. This redirector will take the input for a program from a specified file. For example the date command expects input from a user. So if we had the command date < date. It will take the output of a program and pipe it into another program. For example dir . They are simply scripts that contain command prompt commands that will be executed in the order they are listed. To create a batch file, just make a file that ends in . Each command should be on its own line and in the order you would like them to execute. It has no real use but will give you an example of how a batch files works. This test batch file contains the following lines of text: cdcd \testdircd \. If I was to run the test. I created I would have output that looks like the following: Figure 3: Example of a batch file running. These are programs that are not graphical and can only be run properly from within a command prompt window. Just do a Google search on windows console programs. Conclusion. The command prompt can be a very powerful and versatile tool for a computer user. Hopefully this brief introduction into the command prompt will enable you to use your computer more efficiently. If you have any questions on how to use the command prompt, please do not hesitate to ask us in the computer help forums.- -Lawrence Abrams. Bleeping Computer Microsoft Basic Concepts Tutorial. Bleeping. Computer. Computer Support & Tutorials for the beginning computer user.
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